...the intervention in this meta-analysis is school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports (swpbis) (note: the positive action and responsive classroom programs are examined separately). swpbis is a school-wide preventative intervention that aims to increase prosocial norms for all students and staff within a school. program features include 1) a team of six to ten school staff members responsible for leading implementation, 2) an external behavioral support coach for on-site consultation, 3) clearly defined behavioral expectations for students, 4) a staff-developed lesson plan used to teach students the school-wide behavioral expectations, 5) consistent rewards for positive behavior that are used by all school staff, 6) consistent consequences for disciplinary infractions, and 7) a formal data collection and analysis system for disciplinary data. once implemented, the program continues throughout each school year....

...strengthening families for parents and youth 10-14 (also known as the iowa strengthening families program) aims to reduce behavior problems and substance use by enhancing parenting skills, parent-child relationships, and family communication. parents and youth attend weekly group sessions lasting two hours for seven weeks. each session includes a separate, concurrent one-hour parent and youth skills-building session followed by a one-hour family session. a trained group leader uses strengthening families curriculum and videos to guide each session. the studies in this analysis included middle school students and their families. on average, 11 families participated in each group. ...

...this program for male high school athletes involves 7 classes on the effects of anabolic steroids conducted by coaches, 7 weight training sessions, and one parent session during the sports season....

...education and employment training (eet) is a workforce development program aimed towards youth improvement in employment, school engagement, and appropriate use of free time. in eet king county, participants receive minimum wage for up to 20 hours of work per week, for up to 150 total hours. for youth in school, the program provides job readiness training and job placement. youth not in school must either re-engage or earn a general equivalency diploma (ged). eet also provides assistance to prepare for the ged. in the included study, participants were court-involved youth at moderate or high risk of recidivism. on average, participants received eet services for 6.3 months. in the included study, 74% of participants were youth of color and 20% were female. both the program and comparison group youth had access to usual services, which included evidence-based programs (e.g., functional family therapy and washington state aggression replacement training)....

...vocational and employment training for youth in state institutions includes intensive vocational programs that also provide specialized education. these programs aim to support positive outcomes to reduce recidivism, support life and community skills, encourage education attainment, and teach employable skills. vocational skills training uses classroom-based job training to teach youth employable skills. as part of some training curriculums, youth can receive certification in a variety of specialties (e.g., carpentry, landscaping, culinary arts). upon release into the community, youth may receive additional services, including employment search assistance, job contacts, housing support, transportation support, mental health/substance use disorder services and educational placements. this analysis focuses on programs that provide services to youth while confined and then released to supervision. in the included study, participants received services while confined for approximately nine months and continued services in the community for another eleven months. youth were moderate risk per a validated risk assessment tool. in the included study, 56% of participants were youth of color, and all youth were male. youth in the comparison group were confined in other residential facilities and received treatment as usual. evaluations of education and employment training (eet), mentoring programs, and vocational and employment training programs for court-involved youth are excluded from this analysis and analyzed separately....

...in general, case management is a process that coordinates and monitors services on behalf of a participant. the studies included in this meta-analysis evaluate a variety of case management approaches for individuals involved in the criminal justice system who have histories of drug involvement and are being supervised in the community under a “swift, certain, and fair” approach. the primary goals of case management for this population are 1) to improve collaboration between correctional staff and substance abuse treatment staff and 2) to increase participation in substance abuse treatment. case managers or specially-trained supervision officers use a variety of strategies to assess the participant’s treatment and programming needs, coordinate access to substance abuse treatment, monitor the participant, and advocate on the participant’s behalf. in some circumstances, the case manager or officer can provide these services, such as counseling or therapy, directly to the client. program length ranges from three to six months. “swift, certain and fair” is an approach to community supervision wherein participants receive immediate sanctions when they violate the conditions of supervision. sanction severity is proportional to the severity of the violation, with minor violations resulting in only a few days of incarceration. in response to repeat violations, sanctions gradually increase in severity. participants are required to check in with their supervising officer regularly and are tested frequently and randomly for substance use. case management studies that did not incorporate "swift, certain, and fair" approach were analyzed separately. ...

...in general, case management is a process that coordinates, and monitors services on behalf of a participant. the studies included in this meta-analysis evaluate a variety of case management approaches to community reentry and supervision for individuals involved in the criminal justice system who have histories of drug involvement. the primary goals of case management for this population are 1) to improve collaboration between correctional staff and substance abuse treatment staff and 2) to increase the individual’s participation in substance abuse treatment. case managers or specially-trained supervision officers use a variety of strategies to assess the participant’s treatment and programming needs, coordinate access to substance abuse treatment, monitor the participant, and advocate on the participant’s behalf. in some circumstances, the case manager or officer can provide these services (e.g. counseling, therapy) directly to the client. program length ranges from three to six months. this meta-analysis excludes case management studies focused on the "swift, certain, and fair" approach, which were analyzed separately. ...

...bilingual instructional programs provide english language learner (ell) students with classroom instruction partially in their native language and partially in english. the evaluations included in this analysis compare programs that use bilingual instruction to those in which instruction is conducted entirely in english, such as english as a second language (esl) teaching strategies. ...

...eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) aims to alleviate distress associated with traumatic memories. during therapy, a client is asked to recall a traumatic memory while the therapist uses their hand to guide eye movement. programs in this analysis served children who had a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) or had experienced a traumatic event. treatment occurred in an outpatient setting, and consisted of individual weekly sessions for four to eight weeks. on average, children received four therapeutic hours over six weeks....