...in general, case management is a process that coordinates and monitors services on behalf of a participant. the studies included in this meta-analysis evaluate a variety of case management approaches for individuals involved in the criminal justice system who have histories of drug involvement and are being supervised in the community under a “swift, certain, and fair” approach. the primary goals of case management for this population are 1) to improve collaboration between correctional staff and substance abuse treatment staff and 2) to increase participation in substance abuse treatment. case managers or specially-trained supervision officers use a variety of strategies to assess the participant’s treatment and programming needs, coordinate access to substance abuse treatment, monitor the participant, and advocate on the participant’s behalf. in some circumstances, the case manager or officer can provide these services, such as counseling or therapy, directly to the client. program length ranges from three to six months. “swift, certain and fair” is an approach to community supervision wherein participants receive immediate sanctions when they violate the conditions of supervision. sanction severity is proportional to the severity of the violation, with minor violations resulting in only a few days of incarceration. in response to repeat violations, sanctions gradually increase in severity. participants are required to check in with their supervising officer regularly and are tested frequently and randomly for substance use. case management studies that did not incorporate "swift, certain, and fair" approach were analyzed separately. ...

...in general, case management is a process that coordinates, and monitors services on behalf of a participant. the studies included in this meta-analysis evaluate a variety of case management approaches to community reentry and supervision for individuals involved in the criminal justice system who have histories of drug involvement. the primary goals of case management for this population are 1) to improve collaboration between correctional staff and substance abuse treatment staff and 2) to increase the individual’s participation in substance abuse treatment. case managers or specially-trained supervision officers use a variety of strategies to assess the participant’s treatment and programming needs, coordinate access to substance abuse treatment, monitor the participant, and advocate on the participant’s behalf. in some circumstances, the case manager or officer can provide these services (e.g. counseling, therapy) directly to the client. program length ranges from three to six months. this meta-analysis excludes case management studies focused on the "swift, certain, and fair" approach, which were analyzed separately. ...

...bilingual instructional programs provide english language learner (ell) students with classroom instruction partially in their native language and partially in english. the evaluations included in this analysis compare programs that use bilingual instruction to those in which instruction is conducted entirely in english, such as english as a second language (esl) teaching strategies. ...

...eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) aims to alleviate distress associated with traumatic memories. during therapy, a client is asked to recall a traumatic memory while the therapist uses their hand to guide eye movement. programs in this analysis served children who had a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) or had experienced a traumatic event. treatment occurred in an outpatient setting, and consisted of individual weekly sessions for four to eight weeks. on average, children received four therapeutic hours over six weeks....

...multicomponent programs provide a combination of two or more interventions designed to prevent falls by older adults. this analysis includes a single study of an intervention that delivered a combined exercise and home hazard reduction program for community-dwelling adults aged 75 and older who were at high risk for falls due to visual impairment. participants received a one-year otago exercise program. a physiotherapist prescribed the individualized exercises via home visits at weeks one, two, four, and eight and then again after six months. for the entire year of the intervention, participants were also expected to independently exercise at least three times a week and to walk outside twice a week when possible. participants’ homes were also assessed by an occupational therapist for hazards that could increase the risk of falling. the occupational therapist facilitated the provision of equipment or payment to modify or remove those hazards....

...multicomponent programs provide a combination of two or more interventions designed to prevent falls among older adults. this analysis includes a single study of an intervention that delivered a combined exercise and home hazard reduction program for a general population of community-dwelling adults aged 70 and older. participants received a weekly one-hour strength and balance group exercise class for 15 weeks. their homes were also assessed for hazards that could increase the risk of falling. those hazards were removed or modified either by participants or a home maintenance service....

...audit and feedback is a physician-centered approach to reducing cesarean section rates by reviewing cesarean sections for their appropriateness according to pre-established guidelines. these interventions vary in the frequency with which the audits are performed and the feedback provided. there is also variation in whether information is provided anonymously or if physicians or departments are associated with their cesarean section rates. the benefits presented in the benefit-cost analysis are specific to the medicaid population. ...

...audit and feedback is a physician-centered approach to reducing cesarean section rates by reviewing cesarean sections for their appropriateness according to pre-established guidelines. these interventions vary in the frequency with which the audits are performed and the feedback provided. there is also variation in whether information is provided anonymously or if physicians or departments are associated with their cesarean section rates. the benefits presented in the benefit-cost analysis are specific to the privately insured population. ...

...community reinforcement and family training (craft) is a program for significant others and family members of those with substance abuse or dependence. in 12 to 14 ndividual sessions, family and friends are taught effective strategies for helping their loved one to change, to enroll in treatment, to feel better themselves....

...these studies assess the individual placement and support (ips) model of supported employment compared with typical vocational services for individuals with serious mental illness. the ips model focuses on competitive employment, client interests, rapid job placement, and ongoing support by employment specialists. in contrast, the comparison groups typically received vocational services that focused on building job skills before employment placement....