...functional family probation and parole (ffp) is a case management program modeled after functional family therapy (fft). ffp was designed to supervise youth in the community on probation or parole. like fft, ffp is a structured, family-based intervention that uses a multi-step approach to enhance protective factors (e.g., school attendance) and reduce risk factors (e.g., antisocial attitudes) in the family. the five phases of this program include 1) engagement, 2) motivation, 3) identifying patterns of interaction within the family, 4) behavior change, and 5) generalizing positive interactions to new situations. each phase helps to support incremental change for the youth and family. ffp typically involves 12 to 14 therapist visits over a three- to five-month period. therapists are trained by fft llc. in this analysis, ffp was delivered to youth on parole after being released from confinement and one study examined youth on probation. youth participated in ffp for an average of six months. comparison youth received either no treatment or treatment and probation as usual. although risk level was not reported in these studies, youth had some degree of prior involvement with the justice system. among included studies that reported demographics, 63% of participants were youth of color and 10% were female. ...

...parenting with love and limits (pll) is a therapeutic community intervention for families of children with serious emotional or behavioral problems including aggression, conduct disorders, chronic truancy, drug or alcohol abuse, trauma, or anxiety and depression. pll is designed for youth ages 10 to 18 in the juvenile justice, child welfare, or mental health systems who are at risk of being placed outside the home (e.g., detention, foster care). pll includes individual therapy for the youth, parent training sessions, and family therapy. unlike other family therapies, pll relies on a multiple family group approach with four to six families in a group setting and two co-facilitators for six to eight weeks of parenting training. in addition to group therapy, the youth and parent participate in 4 to 12 family therapy sessions approximately two hours each. in this review of pll delivered within the juvenile justice setting, most studies examined court-involved youth who received pll as an alternative placement from confinement, and one study examined pll as reentry into the community. youth were assessed as moderate to high risk for recidivism. youth received services over 6.5 months on average. court-involved youth received four treatment sessions per month over 2.5 months of service on average, while post-release youth received services over an average of 12 months on supervision. among included studies that report demographics, 65% of participants were youth of color and 21% were female. pll youth were compared to youth who received probation as usual and mental health services as usual. ...

...employment counseling programs with job training teach skills necessary for seeking employment. these include both hard skills (e.g., job preparedness and skills training) and soft skills, (e.g., effective job searches, applications, and resumes). some programs may also specifically address barriers to employment for convicted persons. the studies in this category differ from those in the “employment counseling and job training in the community," as each program in this category also includes subsidized or transitional jobs to help participants transition to regular employment. for this broad grouping of studies, programs were delivered in the community after release from incarceration for a period of three to nine months....

...employment counseling and job training programs teach skills necessary for seeking employment after incarceration. these include both hard skills (e.g., job preparedness and skills training) and soft skills, (e.g., effective job searches, applications, and resumes). these programs may be sequential, where participants first undergo job training and then receive work experience, or follow individualized employment plans. participants may also receive employment placement assistance from a specialist. some programs may also specifically address barriers to employment for convicted persons. for this group of studies, job training and employment assistance first began during incarceration and continued upon reentry into the community for up to 12 months. compared with other employment and job training programs reviewed by wsipp, this program is the most intensive due to its transitional nature as well as its focus on hard skills and soft skills. ...

...group exercise programs for falls prevention aim to prevent falls by providing exercise classes that address risk factors. vitamin d interventions for falls prevention prescribe daily supplements of vitamin d, aiming to improve bone density. group exercise and vitamin d programs include both of these interventions. in the included study, physiotherapists taught one or two classes weekly at an exercise hall or a gym. for the rest of each week, participants were assigned home-based exercises for 5 to 15 minutes daily. a variety of exercise types were offered, including balance-challenging, strengthening, and agility exercises. participants also received one daily pill containing 800 iu of vitamin d3. the program was provided to community-dwelling older women with a history of falls and lasted two years....

...evaluations of health care policies and programs often measure two broad types of outcomes: (1) those that reflect the health status of people (e.g., disease incidence) and (2) those that reflect health care system costs and utilization. cost and utilization measures may or may not be an indication of health status or well-being. the effect reported below reflects changes in medical costs resulting from increases in patient copays for multiple services (prescription drugs, office visits, emergency department visits, and outpatient surgery). the effect size is the price elasticity for medical expenditures. estimates are derived from data for low-income adults (< 300% federal poverty line) with a chronic condition in a subsidized health plan....

...eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) is a psychological treatment commonly used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. during treatment, clients focus on the traumatic memory for 30 seconds at a time while the therapist provides a stimulus. for most clients, the therapist moves a hand slowly back and forth in front of the client (eye movement) but other stimuli may be used. clients report on what thoughts come up and are guided to refocus on that thought in the next stimulus session. during therapy visits, clients report the level of distress they feel. in later phases, a positive thought is emphasized during the stimulus sessions. afterward, clients are asked to focus on residual physical tensions they may feel in order to enhance relaxation. a more complete description of this therapy is available at: http://www.emdrnetwork.org/description.html we evaluated studies where emdr was used in the treatment of ptsd confirmed by a diagnosis using the criteria of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm). studies consisted of patients with a variety of traumatic experiences, including combat, sexual abuse or assault, physical or emotional abuse, accidents, and war or disaster experiences. we only included studies where emdr was compared to a control condition receiving treatment as usual, which consisted of standard care or a wait list for care. one study was included in which patients had comorbid psychosis disorder. patients in the studies received between two and twelve total sessions of emdr. ...

...a wide variety of interventions were used in the preschool programs that we reviewed. these included nutrition education for children and parents, additional time engaged in physical activity, and healthier snacks and drinks during the school day. the interventions were conducted in preschools serving children three to six years old. ...