META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $7,254 | Benefits minus costs | $10,688 | |||
Participants | $9,775 | Benefit to cost ratio | $2.18 | |||
Others | $6,215 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($3,468) | benefits greater than the costs | 70 % | |||
Total benefits | $19,776 | |||||
Net program cost | ($9,088) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $10,688 | |||||
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | |||||
Benefits from changes to:1 | Benefits to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
|
Crime | $1,440 | $0 | $3,195 | $728 | $5,362 |
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $5,082 | $11,192 | $5,132 | $0 | $21,406 |
K-12 grade repetition | $99 | $0 | $0 | $50 | $150 |
Public assistance | $7 | ($3) | $0 | $3 | $7 |
Health care associated with educational attainment | $1,701 | ($464) | ($1,847) | $859 | $249 |
Costs of higher education | ($1,059) | ($899) | ($295) | ($533) | ($2,786) |
Subtotals | $7,270 | $9,826 | $6,185 | $1,107 | $24,388 |
From secondary participant | |||||
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $24 | $53 | $24 | $0 | $102 |
K-12 grade repetition | $1 | $0 | $0 | $1 | $2 |
Health care associated with educational attainment | $8 | ($2) | $7 | $4 | $17 |
Costs of higher education | ($5) | ($4) | ($1) | ($3) | ($13) |
Mortality associated with smoking | ($44) | ($98) | $0 | $0 | ($142) |
Subtotals | ($16) | ($51) | $30 | $2 | ($34) |
Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($4,578) | ($4,578) |
Totals | $7,254 | $9,775 | $6,215 | ($3,468) | $19,776 |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $9,469 | 2012 | Present value of net program costs (in 2017 dollars) | ($9,088) |
Comparison costs | $903 | 2012 | Cost range (+ or -) | 10 % |
Estimated Cumulative Net Benefits Over Time (Non-Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in non-discounted dollars to simplify the “break-even” point from a budgeting perspective. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Crime | 4 | Primary | 2 | 517 | -0.183 | 0.270 | 21 | -0.183 | 0.270 | 31 | -0.183 | 0.497 |
High school graduation | 4 | Primary | 2 | 517 | 0.181 | 0.077 | 18 | 0.181 | 0.077 | 18 | 0.181 | 0.018 |
K-12 grade repetition | 4 | Primary | 5 | 1738 | -0.075 | 0.133 | 12 | -0.075 | 0.133 | 12 | -0.075 | 0.572 |
Teen births under age 18 | 4 | Primary | 1 | 327 | -0.466 | 0.292 | 19 | -0.466 | 0.292 | 19 | -0.466 | 0.111 |
Test scores | 4 | Primary | 7 | 4750 | 0.172 | 0.027 | 4 | 0.036 | 0.006 | 17 | 0.172 | 0.001 |
Teen births (second generation) | 1 | Secondary | 1 | 327 | -0.466 | 0.292 | 19 | -0.466 | 0.292 | 19 | -0.466 | 0.111 |
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