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Parent-Child Assistance Program

Substance Use Disorders: Treatment for Adults
  Literature review updated August 2017.
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The Parent-Child Assistance Program provides home visits to new mothers of drug- or alcohol-exposed infants. Visitors are paraprofessional client advocates with similar adverse life experiences as the mothers. Visits are weekly for the first six weeks after birth, then bi-weekly or more frequently as needed for up to three years.
More information on this program is available at:
http://depts.washington.edu/pcapuw/inhouse/PCAP_Manual_3_23_15.pdf.
 
ALL
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic in order to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the types of program impacts that were measured in the research literature (for example, crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information.

Adjusted effect sizes are used to calculate the benefits from our benefit cost model. WSIPP may adjust effect sizes based on methodological characteristics of the study. For example, we may adjust effect sizes when a study has a weak research design or when the program developer is involved in the research. The magnitude of these adjustments varies depending on the topic area.

WSIPP may also adjust the second ES measurement. Research shows the magnitude of some effect sizes decrease over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. We also report the unadjusted effect size to show the effect sizes before any adjustments have been made. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Primary or secondary participant No. of effect sizes Treatment N Adjusted effect size(ES) and standard error(SE) Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
ES SE Age ES p-value
Substance use disorder
A non-specified alcohol or drug use disorder. Typically, a collection of different types of disorders reported by study authors. 
 0 Primary 1 23 -0.046 0.245 30 -0.091 0.698
Repeat pregnancy
A pregnancy that occurs within two years of a prior birth for the same mother.
0 Primary 1 54 0.035 0.297 30 0.096 0.747
Repeat birth
A birth that occurs within two years of a prior birth for the same mother.  
 0 Primary 1 54 0.000 0.331 30 0.000 1.000
Preschool test scores
Measures of cognition in young children on standardized scales.
 0 Secondary 1 23 0.047 0.289 3 0.130 0.654
Out-of-home placement
The removal of a child from parental care, most often to foster care.
 0 Secondary 1 54 0.371 0.310 3 0.371 0.231
Well-child visits
Full or partial adherence to the recommended schedule of primary care visits in early childhood.
 0 Secondary 1 54 0.067 0.556 3 0.186 0.746

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Ernst, CC., Grant, T.M., Streissguth, A.P., & Sampson, P.D. (1999). Intervention with high-risk alcohol and drug-abusing mothers: II. Three-year findings from the Seattle Model of Paraprofessional Advocacy. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(1), 19-38.

Kartin, D., Grant, T.M., Streissguth, A.P., Sampson, P.D., & Ernst, C.C. (2002). Three-year developmental outcomes in children with prenatal alcohol and drug exposure. Pediatric Physical Therapy : the Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association, 14(3), 145-53.