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Washington State Institute for Public Policy
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InShape

Public Health & Prevention: School-based
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated January 2019.
InShape is a college-based brief motivational interviewing intervention that aims to increase physical activitity, diet, and stress management while reducing substance use through the promotion of positive self-image. The program components are typically delivered to young adults in a college health clinic setting by a designated fitness specialist. The first component includes a self-administered behavior image survey, followed by a brief (25-minute) motivational interview with the fitness specialist, and a set of recommendations to increase fitness and health through improved self-image.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers $19 Benefits minus costs $25
Participants $55 Benefit to cost ratio $1.84
Others ($1) Chance the program will produce
Indirect ($18) benefits greater than the costs 49%
Total benefits $55
Net program cost ($30)
Benefits minus cost $25

^WSIPP’s benefit-cost model does not monetize this outcome.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Alcohol use^
Adult use of alcohol that does not rise to the level of “problem” or “disordered.”
 19 1 140 -0.067 0.119 19 n/a n/a n/a -0.203 0.088
Cannabis use^
Adult use of cannabis that does not rise to the level of “disordered.”
19 1 140 0.031 0.119 19 n/a n/a n/a 0.093 0.433
Regular smoking
Smoking tobacco on a regular basis.
 19 1 140 0.010 0.119 19 0.001 0.178 21 0.032 0.789
Problem alcohol use
Alcohol use reflecting problem behaviors (e.g., high frequency drinking, binge drinking, or drinking that has a high impact on daily life) for individuals who do not have an alcohol use disorder.
 19 1 140 -0.027 0.119 19 -0.004 0.178 21 -0.082 0.490
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Regular smoking Labor market earnings associated with smoking ($21) ($50) $0 $0 ($71)
Health care associated with smoking ($8) ($2) ($8) ($4) ($23)
Mortality associated with smoking $0 $0 $0 ($3) ($3)
Problem alcohol use Criminal justice system $0 $0 $4 $0 $4
Labor market earnings associated with problem alcohol use $45 $106 $0 $0 $151
Property loss associated with problem alcohol use $0 $0 $1 $0 $1
Health care associated with problem alcohol use $3 $1 $3 $2 $9
Mortality associated with problem alcohol $0 $0 $0 $2 $3
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($15) ($15)
Totals $19 $55 ($1) ($18) $55
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Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $25 2017 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($30)
Comparison costs $0 2017 Cost range (+ or -) 10%
The per-participant cost estimate assumes a trained fitness specialist leads a 25-minute motivational interview session, assuming 2017 mean hourly wage estimate for fitness/aerobics instructors for Washington State, reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (retrieved March 2019), multiplied by 1.441 to account for the cost of employee benefits. We also include cost of training and materials obtained from the program’s website (https://preventionpluswellness.com/pages/host-a-program-training-workshop) assuming one fitness specialist can serve 100 students.
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Werch, C., Moore, M., Bian, H., DiClemente, C., Ames, S., Weiler, R., Thombs, D., ... Huang, I.C. (2008). Efficacy of a brief image-based multiple-behavior intervention for college students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(2), 149-157.

Werch, C.E., Moore, M. J., Bian, H., DiClemente, C.C., Huang, I.C., Ames, S.C., Thombs, D., ... Pokorny, S.B. (2010). Are effects from a brief multiple behavior intervention for college students sustained over time? Preventive Medicine, 50.