ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
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Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $9,960 | Benefits minus costs | ($16,212) | |||
Participants | $11,029 | Benefit to cost ratio | $0.50 | |||
Others | $9,885 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($14,336) | benefits greater than the costs | 30 % | |||
Total benefits | $16,538 | |||||
Net program cost | ($32,750) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | ($16,212) | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Public assistance Any form of welfare assistance, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or Assistance for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). |
14 | Primary | 2 | 636 | -0.261 | 0.343 | 23 | -0.261 | 0.343 | 23 | -0.261 | 0.446 |
Teen births under age 18 Becoming a parent before age 18. |
14 | Primary | 2 | 659 | -0.221 | 0.231 | 18 | -0.221 | 0.231 | 18 | -0.221 | 0.338 |
Food assistance Receipt of food assistance, such as from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). |
14 | Primary | 2 | 636 | -0.203 | 0.322 | 23 | -0.203 | 0.322 | 23 | -0.203 | 0.529 |
Crime Any criminal conviction according to court records, sometimes measured through charges, arrests, incarceration, or self-report. |
14 | Primary | 2 | 636 | -0.139 | 0.350 | 23 | -0.139 | 0.350 | 33 | -0.139 | 0.692 |
Regular smoking Smoking tobacco on a regular basis. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | -0.068 | 0.284 | 23 | -0.068 | 0.284 | 33 | -0.068 | 0.810 |
Employment^^ Any employment, including part-time work. |
14 | Primary | 2 | 636 | 0.099 | 0.250 | 23 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 24 | 0.099 | 0.694 |
Test scores Standardized, validated tests of academic achievement. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | 0.041 | 0.213 | 18 | 0.041 | 0.213 | 18 | 0.041 | 0.847 |
Persistence into 3rd year^^ Completion of the second year and enrollment into a third year of higher education in a 2- or 4-year institution. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | 0.064 | 0.391 | 23 | 0.064 | 0.391 | 23 | 0.064 | 0.869 |
Persistence into 2nd year^^ Completion of the first year and re-enrollment in the second year of higher education in a 2- or 4-year institution. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | 0.107 | 0.357 | 23 | 0.107 | 0.357 | 23 | 0.107 | 0.764 |
Graduate with 4-year degree Graduate with a degree from a 4-year higher education institution. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | 0.108 | 0.263 | 23 | 0.108 | 0.263 | 23 | 0.108 | 0.683 |
Enroll in 4-year college Enroll in a 4-year higher education institution. |
14 | Primary | 2 | 636 | 0.149 | 0.272 | 23 | 0.149 | 0.272 | 23 | 0.149 | 0.584 |
High school graduation On-time completion of high school with a diploma (excluding GED attainment). |
14 | Primary | 2 | 662 | 0.293 | 0.204 | 18 | 0.293 | 0.204 | 18 | 0.293 | 0.151 |
Teen births (second generation) Being the child of a mother aged younger than 18 at birth. |
1 | Secondary | 2 | 659 | -0.221 | 0.231 | 18 | -0.221 | 0.231 | 18 | -0.221 | 0.338 |
Enroll in any college^ Enroll in either a 2-year or 4-year higher education institution. |
14 | Primary | 2 | 636 | 0.404 | 0.357 | 23 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.404 | 0.257 |
GED attainment^ Successful attainment of a General Educational Development (GED) credential. |
14 | Primary | 2 | 636 | 0.203 | 0.363 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.203 | 0.576 |
Grade point average^ Non-standardized measure of student performance calculated across subjects. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | -0.041 | 0.213 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.041 | 0.847 |
Graduate with any degree^ Graduate with a degree from either a 2-year or 4-year higher education institution. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | -0.054 | 0.263 | 23 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.054 | 0.836 |
Substance use^ Nonspecified substance use (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, or illicit drugs) that does not rise to the level of "disordered." |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | -0.055 | 0.361 | 23 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.055 | 0.878 |
Suspensions/expulsions^ In-school suspensions, out-of-school suspensions, or expulsions from school |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | -0.100 | 0.249 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.100 | 0.688 |
Teen pregnancy (under age 18)^ Becoming pregnant (or getting someone else pregnant) before age 18. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 580 | 0.000 | 0.274 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.000 | 1.000 | Click to expand | Click to collapse |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Crime | Criminal justice system | $902 | $0 | $2,232 | $451 | $3,584 |
High school graduation | Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $6,071 | $14,261 | $7,808 | $0 | $28,140 |
Costs of higher education | ($996) | ($1,507) | ($452) | ($498) | ($3,453) | |
Regular smoking | Health care associated with smoking | $277 | $78 | $286 | $138 | $779 |
Mortality associated with smoking | $2 | $5 | $0 | $91 | $98 | |
Public assistance | Public assistance | $2,883 | ($1,052) | $0 | $1,442 | $3,273 |
Food assistance | Food assistance | $829 | ($734) | $0 | $415 | $510 |
Subtotals | $9,969 | $11,050 | $9,874 | $2,039 | $32,932 | |
From secondary participant | ||||||
Teen births (second generation) | Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $9 | $21 | $11 | $0 | $41 |
K-12 grade repetition | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $1 | |
Health care associated with smoking | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $1 | |
Costs of higher education | ($1) | ($2) | ($1) | ($1) | ($5) | |
Mortality associated with smoking | ($17) | ($40) | $0 | $0 | ($57) | |
Subtotals | ($9) | ($21) | $11 | $0 | ($19) | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($16,375) | ($16,375) |
Totals | $9,960 | $11,029 | $9,885 | ($14,336) | $16,538 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $5,000 | 2000 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($32,750) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2018 | Cost range (+ or -) | 30 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Hahn, A., Leavitt, T., & Aaron, P. (1994). Evaluation of the Quantum Opportunities Program (QOP): Did the program work? A report on the post secondary outcomes and cost effectiveness of the QOP program (1989-1993). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University, Center for Human Resources.
Lattimore, C.B., Mihalic, S.F., Grotpeter, J.K., & Taggart, R. (1998). Blueprints for violence prevention, book four: The Quantum Opportunities Program (Document No. NCJ 174197). Boulder: University of Colorado, Boulder; Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.
Maxfield, M., Schirm, A., & Rodriguez-Planas, N. (2003). The Quantum Opportunity Program demonstration: Implementation and short-term impacts (Document No. PR03-18). Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.
Schirm, A., Stuart, E., & McKie, A. (2006). The Quantum Opportunity Program Demonstration: Final impacts (Document No. PR06- 70). Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.