ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $802 | Benefits minus costs | $2,280 | |||
Participants | $1,020 | Benefit to cost ratio | $35.37 | |||
Others | $535 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($10) | benefits greater than the costs | 68 % | |||
Total benefits | $2,346 | |||||
Net program cost | ($66) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $2,280 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Smoking before end of middle school Any smoking of tobacco by the end of middle school, typically by age 13. |
12 | 2 | 4915 | -0.123 | 0.110 | 12 | -0.123 | 0.110 | 13 | -0.497 | 0.124 | |
Cannabis use before end of middle school Any use of cannabis by the end of middle school, typically by age 13. |
12 | 2 | 4915 | -0.123 | 0.149 | 12 | -0.123 | 0.149 | 13 | -0.371 | 0.022 | |
Alcohol use before end of middle school Any use of alcohol by the end of middle school, typically by age 13. |
12 | 2 | 4915 | -0.061 | 0.114 | 12 | -0.061 | 0.114 | 13 | -0.227 | 0.232 | |
Illicit drug use^ Adult use of illicit drugs that does not rise to the level of “disordered.” When possible, we exclude cannabis/marijuana use from this outcome. |
12 | 1 | 500 | -0.071 | 0.308 | 28 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.214 | 0.496 | |
Alcohol use before end of high school Any use of alcohol by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 and 18. |
12 | 2 | 2662 | -0.034 | 0.119 | 14 | -0.034 | 0.119 | 18 | -0.102 | 0.399 | |
Smoking before end of high school Any smoking of tobacco by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 and 18. |
12 | 2 | 2662 | -0.062 | 0.120 | 14 | -0.062 | 0.120 | 18 | -0.189 | 0.123 | |
Cannabis use before end of high school Any use of cannabis by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 and 18. |
12 | 2 | 2662 | -0.112 | 0.159 | 14 | -0.112 | 0.159 | 18 | -0.340 | 0.048 | |
Illicit drug use before end of high school Any use of illicit drugs by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 to 18. When possible, we exclude cannabis/marijuana use disorder from this outcome. |
12 | 1 | 500 | -0.093 | 0.327 | 17 | -0.093 | 0.327 | 18 | -0.282 | 0.409 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Alcohol use before end of high school | Property loss associated with alcohol abuse or dependence | $0 | $1 | $1 | $0 | $2 |
Smoking before end of high school | Mortality associated with smoking | $1 | $2 | $0 | $37 | $39 |
Cannabis use before end of high school | Criminal justice system | $100 | $0 | $239 | $50 | $389 |
Labor market earnings associated with cannabis abuse or dependence | $414 | $972 | $0 | ($207) | $1,179 | |
Illicit drug use before end of high school | Health care associated with illicit drug abuse or dependence | $287 | $44 | $295 | $143 | $769 |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($33) | ($33) |
Totals | $802 | $1,020 | $535 | ($10) | $2,346 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $64 | 2017 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($66) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2017 | Cost range (+ or -) | 30 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Johnson, C.A., Pentz, M.A., Weber, M.D., Dwyer, J.H., Baer, N., MacKinnon, D.P., . . . Flay, B.R. (1990). Relative effectiveness of comprehensive community programming for drug abuse prevention with high-risk and low-risk adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 447-456.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1997). Drug abuse prevention for the general population (Publication No. 97-4113).
Pentz, M.A., Dwyer, J.H., MacKinnon, D.P., Flay, B.R., Hansen, W.B., Wang, E.Y., Johnson, C.A. (1989). A multicommunity trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse: Effects on drug use prevalence. JAMA, 261(22), 3259
Riggs, N.R., Chou, C.P., & Pentz, M.A. (2009). Preventing growth in amphetamine use: Long-term effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) from early adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 104, 1691-1699.