ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $19,076 | Benefits minus costs | $20,059 | |||
Participants | ($5,639) | Benefit to cost ratio | $23.55 | |||
Others | ($2,787) | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | $10,299 | benefits greater than the costs | 63% | |||
Total benefits | $20,949 | |||||
Net program cost | ($889) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $20,059 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
K-12 grade repetition Repeating a grade. This is sometimes called "grade retention." |
7 | 3 | 1623 | 0.069 | 0.472 | 7 | 0.069 | 0.472 | 7 | 0.069 | 0.884 | |
K-12 special education Placement into special education services. |
7 | 1 | 67 | -0.863 | 0.930 | 7 | -0.863 | 0.930 | 7 | -0.863 | 0.353 | |
Test scores Standardized, validated tests of academic achievement. |
7 | 1 | 188 | -0.092 | 0.111 | 8 | -0.050 | 0.122 | 17 | -0.092 | 0.406 | |
School attendance^ Number or percentage of school days present in a given enrollment period. |
7 | 1 | 140 | -0.182 | 0.197 | 8 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.182 | 0.355 | |
Externalizing behavior symptoms Symptoms of externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive, hostile, or disruptive behavior) measured on a validated scale. |
7 | 5 | 1965 | -0.067 | 0.060 | 7 | -0.037 | 0.039 | 10 | -0.067 | 0.261 | |
Internalizing symptoms Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale. |
7 | 5 | 1965 | -0.044 | 0.033 | 7 | -0.044 | 0.033 | 9 | -0.044 | 0.179 | |
Social and emotional development^ A broad range of skills relevant to self, emotion, and relationships. These skills are typically measured through validated assessments that measure self-awareness, social competence, and self-control. |
7 | 4 | 549 | 0.073 | 0.065 | 7 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.073 | 0.260 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Test scores | Labor market earnings associated with test scores | ($2,411) | ($5,680) | ($2,994) | $0 | ($11,085) |
K-12 grade repetition | K-12 grade repetition | ($120) | $0 | $0 | ($60) | ($180) |
K-12 special education | K-12 special education | $21,438 | $0 | $0 | $10,719 | $32,157 |
Externalizing behavior symptoms | Criminal justice system | $24 | $0 | $58 | $12 | $94 |
Health care associated with externalizing behavior symptoms | $144 | $41 | $149 | $72 | $407 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($445) | ($445) |
Totals | $19,076 | ($5,639) | ($2,787) | $10,299 | $20,949 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $754 | 2018 | Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) | ($889) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2018 | Cost range (+ or -) | 50% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Fiel, J., Shoji, M., & Gamoran, A. (2015). "An intervention approach to building social capital: effects on grade retention". In Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Social Capital. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857935854.00019
Kratochwill, T.R., McDonald, L., Levin, J.R., Scalia, P.A., & Coover, G. (2009). Families and Schools Together: An experimental study of multi-family support groups for children at risk. Journal of School Psychology, 47(4), 245-265.
Kratochwill, T.R., McDonald, L., Levin, J.R., Young Bear-Tibbetts, H., & Demaray, M.K. (2004). Families and Schools Together: An experimental analysis of a parent-mediated multi-family group program for American Indian children. Journal of School Psychology, 42(5), 359-383.
Layzer, J.I., & Webb, M.B. (2001). National evaluation of family support programs. Volume B: Research studies (Final report). Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates.
Moberg, D.P., McDonald, L., Posner, J.K., Burke, M.L., & Brown, R.L. (2007). Randomized Trial of Families and Schools Together (FAST): Final Report on NIDA Grant R01-10067. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Madison.
Turley, R.N.L., Gamoran, A., McCarty, A.T., & Fish, R. (2017). Reducing children’s behavior problems through social capital: A causal assessment. Social Science Research, 61, 206-217.