ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $262 | Benefits minus costs | $762 | |||
Participants | $548 | Benefit to cost ratio | $13.94 | |||
Others | $22 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($11) | benefits greater than the costs | 61 % | |||
Total benefits | $821 | |||||
Net program cost | ($59) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $762 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Smoking before end of middle school Any smoking of tobacco by the end of middle school, typically by age 13. |
10 | 2 | 1112 | 0.026 | 0.110 | 11 | 0.026 | 0.110 | 13 | 0.045 | 0.681 | |
Cannabis use before end of middle school Any use of cannabis by the end of middle school, typically by age 13. |
10 | 1 | 916 | -0.010 | 0.181 | 11 | -0.010 | 0.181 | 13 | -0.010 | 0.955 | |
Alcohol use before end of middle school Any use of alcohol by the end of middle school, typically by age 13. |
10 | 1 | 916 | -0.092 | 0.181 | 11 | -0.092 | 0.181 | 13 | -0.092 | 0.610 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Smoking before end of middle school | Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | ($35) | ($83) | ($46) | $0 | ($164) |
Health care associated with smoking | ($12) | ($3) | ($12) | ($6) | ($33) | |
Costs of higher education | $6 | $8 | $3 | $3 | $19 | |
Mortality associated with smoking | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($4) | ($4) | |
Alcohol use before end of middle school | Criminal justice system | $27 | $0 | $62 | $13 | $103 |
Labor market earnings associated with alcohol abuse or dependence | $265 | $623 | $0 | $0 | $888 | |
Health care associated with alcohol abuse or dependence | $11 | $2 | $13 | $6 | $32 | |
Property loss associated with alcohol abuse or dependence | $0 | $1 | $2 | $0 | $3 | |
Mortality associated with alcohol | $0 | $1 | $0 | $6 | $7 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($29) | ($29) |
Totals | $262 | $548 | $22 | ($11) | $821 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $55 | 2014 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($59) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2014 | Cost range (+ or -) | 10 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Davis, S.M., Cunningham-Sabo, L., & Lambert, L. (1999). Chapter 7: Pathways to Health: a cancer prevention project for native American schoolchildren and their families In Native Outreach: A report to American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities (NIH Publication #98-4341).
Schinke, S.P., Tepavac, L., & Cole, K.C. (2000). Preventing substance use among native american youth: Three-year results. Addictive Behaviors, 25(3), 387-397.