ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $680 | Benefits minus costs | $1,723 | |||
Participants | $1,282 | Benefit to cost ratio | $3.34 | |||
Others | $351 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | $145 | benefits greater than the costs | 61% | |||
Total benefits | $2,458 | |||||
Net program cost | ($735) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $1,723 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Weight change Loss or gain of total body weight |
50 | 12 | 2070 | -0.174 | 0.050 | 50 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 55 | -0.174 | 0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure^ The blood pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. This is the second (or bottom) number in a blood pressure reading. |
50 | 8 | 1641 | -0.340 | 0.165 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.340 | 0.040 | |
Systolic blood pressure^ The blood pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. This is the first (or top) number in a blood pressure reading. |
50 | 8 | 1641 | -0.123 | 0.047 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.123 | 0.009 | |
HDL cholesterol^ “Good cholesterol” that is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease. |
50 | 7 | 986 | 0.049 | 0.051 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.049 | 0.343 | |
LDL cholesterol^ “Bad cholesterol” that is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease. |
50 | 7 | 986 | -0.011 | 0.051 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.011 | 0.827 | |
Obesity Obese based on clinical guidelines for adults (body mass index of 30 or higher) or children (body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex), as appropriate. |
50 | 9 | 1357 | -0.238 | 0.087 | 50 | 0.000 | 0.086 | 55 | -0.238 | 0.006 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Obesity | Labor market earnings associated with obesity | $499 | $1,175 | $0 | $0 | $1,674 |
Health care associated with obesity | $168 | $76 | $351 | $84 | $679 | |
Mortality associated with obesity | $13 | $30 | $0 | $428 | $472 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($367) | ($367) |
Totals | $680 | $1,282 | $351 | $145 | $2,458 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $313 | 2014 | Present value of net program costs (in 2022 dollars) | ($735) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2014 | Cost range (+ or -) | 25% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
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