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Healthcare: Falls Prevention for Older Adults
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.

ALL	BENEFIT-COST	META-ANALYSIS	CITATIONS

For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2018). The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.

Benefits to:

Taxpayers	$98	Benefits minus costs	$6,020
Participants	$1,849	Benefit to cost ratio	$5,233.11
Others	$739	Chance the program will produce
Indirect	$3,335	benefits greater than the costs	0%
Total benefits	$6,021
Net program cost	($1)
Benefits minus cost	$6,020

**Meta-analysis** is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The **outcomes** measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). **Treatment N** represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An **effect size** (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The **effect size** may be adjusted from the **unadjusted effect size** estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the **first time ES is estimated** and the **second time ES is estimated**. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Outcomes measured	Treatment age	Primary or secondary participant	No. of effect sizes	Treatment N	Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis						Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
					First time ES is estimated			Second time ES is estimated			Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
					ES	SE	Age	ES	SE	Age	ES	p-value
Any crash Reported crashes at all injury and damage levels. Includes fatal, injury, and property damage crashes.	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Property damage only crash Reported crashes that only cause property damage but no reported injuries or fatalities.	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Serious injury crash Reported crashes resulting in serious injury but not fatalities.	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Fatal crash Reported crashes with at least one fatality.	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Any non-fatal injury crash Reported crashes at all injury levels except fatal. Includes all injury levels (serious injury, minor injury, possible injury).	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Injury and fatal crash Reported crashes that result in a fatality, serious injury, or minor injury.	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Any crash (alcohol related) Reported crashes at all levels (fatal, injury, and property damage) involving alcohol, measured through driver BAC or a commonly accepted proxy (e.g., single-vehicle nighttime crashes).	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Injury and fatal crash (alcohol related) Reported crashes involving alcohol that result in a fatality, serious injury, or minor injury, measured through driver BAC or a commonly accepted proxy (e.g., single-vehicle nighttime crashes).	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Fatal crash (alcohol related) Reported crashes with at least one fatality involving alcohol, measured through driver BAC or a commonly accepted proxy (e.g., single-vehicle nighttime crashes).	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.200	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
School absence Number of school days missed in a given enrollment period.	39	Primary	n/a	0	-0.200	0.050	40	-0.050	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
School attendance Number or percentage of school days present in a given enrollment period.	39	Primary	n/a	0	0.200	0.050	40	0.050	0.050	50	0.000	0.001
Click to expand													Click to collapse

¹In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

²“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

³“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Affected outcome:	Resulting benefits:¹	Benefits accrue to:
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
		Taxpayers	Participants	Others²	Indirect³	Total

Property damage only crash	Total costs of property damage only crash	$14	$36	$106	$0	$156

Any non-fatal injury crash	Total costs of nonfatal injury crash	$20	$694	$152	$0	$867

Fatal crash (alcohol related)	Total costs of fatal crash	$64	$1,119	$481	$3,335	$4,999

Program cost	Adjustment for deadweight cost of program	$0	$0	$0	($1)	($1)

Totals		$98	$1,849	$739	$3,335	$6,021

Click here to see populations selected

Type	Selection
Populations - Primary
Crime	Adults under community supervision - DUI Adults convicted of driving under the influence and previously confined in a state jail or prison
Education	All students A general population of students (i.e., all students in a school or in a classroom)
Tobacco	Treatment population People who smoke at least 30 cigarettes per month
Alcohol	Problem users People who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder but who drink heavily and/or binge drink
Illicit drugs	Treatment population People meeting the diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder with illicit drugs, such as cocaine or methamphetamines
Cannabis	Treatment population People meeting the diagnostic criteria for cannabis use disorder
Opioids	Treatment population People meeting the diagnostic criteria for opioid use disorder
Anxiety	General population All people
SMI	Treatment population People meeting the diagnostic criteria for a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
Diabetes	General population All people
Obesity	Overweight population People who meet the clinical definition of “overweight,” typically with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30
Hospitalization/Emergency Department	General population All people
Earnings	General population All people

Type	Selection
Populations - Secondary
Internalizing	General population All children

For more information on populations see the Technical Documentation

Annual cost		Year dollars	Summary
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Program costs	$1	2020	Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars)	($1)
Comparison costs	$0	2020	Cost range (+ or -)	10%

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The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Benefits Minus Costs

Benefits by Perspective

Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value

Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)

The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

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