ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $595 | Benefits minus costs | $530 | |||
Participants | $951 | Benefit to cost ratio | $1.70 | |||
Others | $206 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($461) | benefits greater than the costs | 55% | |||
Total benefits | $1,290 | |||||
Net program cost | ($760) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $530 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Alcohol use before end of middle school Any use of alcohol by the end of middle school, typically by age 13. |
11 | Primary | 1 | 326 | -0.083 | 0.121 | 13 | -0.083 | 0.121 | 13 | -0.218 | 0.076 |
Disruptive behavior disorder symptoms Clinical diagnosis of a disruptive behavior disorder (e.g., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
11 | Primary | 1 | 241 | -0.105 | 0.142 | 13 | -0.058 | 0.088 | 16 | -0.276 | 0.052 |
Major depressive disorder Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
38 | Secondary | 1 | 369 | -0.016 | 0.083 | 40 | -0.008 | 0.102 | 42 | -0.043 | 0.608 |
Alcohol use before end of high school Any use of alcohol by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 and 18. |
11 | Primary | 1 | 326 | -0.051 | 0.090 | 16 | -0.051 | 0.090 | 18 | -0.134 | 0.137 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Alcohol use before end of middle school | Criminal justice system | $25 | $0 | $58 | $12 | $96 |
Disruptive behavior disorder symptoms | K-12 grade repetition | $2 | $0 | $0 | $1 | $4 |
K-12 special education | $40 | $0 | $0 | $20 | $60 | |
Health care associated with disruptive behavior disorder | $118 | $33 | $121 | $59 | $331 | |
Alcohol use before end of high school | Labor market earnings associated with alcohol abuse or dependence | $315 | $740 | $0 | ($158) | $898 |
Property loss associated with alcohol abuse or dependence | $0 | $1 | $2 | $0 | $3 | |
Mortality associated with alcohol | $0 | $1 | $0 | $7 | $8 | |
Subtotals | $500 | $776 | $182 | ($58) | $1,400 | |
From secondary participant | ||||||
Major depressive disorder | Labor market earnings associated with major depression | $72 | $168 | $0 | ($36) | $204 |
Health care associated with major depression | $23 | $7 | $24 | $12 | $65 | |
Mortality associated with depression | $0 | $0 | $0 | $2 | $2 | |
Subtotals | $95 | $175 | $24 | ($23) | $271 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($380) | ($380) |
Totals | $595 | $951 | $206 | ($461) | $1,290 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $713 | 2015 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($760) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2015 | Cost range (+ or -) | 10% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Beach, S.R., Kogan, S.M., Brody, G.H., Chen, Y.F., Lei, M.K., & Murry, V.M. (2008). Change in caregiver depression as a function of the Strong African American Families Program. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(2), 241-52.
Brody, G.H., Kogan, S.M., Chen, Y.F., & Murry, V.M. (2008). Long-term effects of the Strong African American Families program on youths' conduct problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(5), 474-481.
Brody, G.H., Chen, Y.F., Kogan, S.M., Murry, V.M., & Brown, A.C. (2010). Long-term effects of the Strong African American Families program on youths' alcohol use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2) 281-5.