ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $588 | Benefits minus costs | $2,964 | |||
Participants | $296 | Benefit to cost ratio | $5.76 | |||
Others | $470 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | $2,233 | benefits greater than the costs | 70 % | |||
Total benefits | $3,586 | |||||
Net program cost | ($622) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $2,964 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Cesarean sections Surgical delivery of an infant. |
23 | Primary | 1 | 311 | -0.158 | 0.136 | 23 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 24 | -0.158 | 0.248 |
Low birthweight birth*** Infant is born with a birth weight less than 2,500 grams. |
23 | Primary | 4 | 1432 | 0.015 | 0.086 | 23 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 24 | -0.031 | 0.759 |
Preterm birth*** Infant is born at less than 37 weeks gestation. |
23 | Primary | 1 | 311 | -0.192 | 0.151 | 23 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 24 | -0.192 | 0.203 |
Very low birthweight birth*** Infant is born weighing less than 1,500 grams. |
23 | Primary | 1 | 669 | -0.199 | 0.142 | 23 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 24 | -0.199 | 0.161 |
Low birthweight birth*** Infant is born with a birth weight less than 2,500 grams. |
1 | Secondary | 4 | 1432 | 0.015 | 0.086 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 2 | -0.031 | 0.759 |
Preterm birth*** Infant is born at less than 37 weeks gestation. |
1 | Secondary | 1 | 311 | -0.192 | 0.151 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 2 | -0.192 | 0.203 |
NICU admission Infant is admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). |
1 | Secondary | 1 | 311 | -0.234 | 0.149 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 2 | -0.234 | 0.115 |
Very low birthweight birth*** Infant is born weighing less than 1,500 grams. |
1 | Secondary | 1 | 669 | -0.199 | 0.142 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 2 | -0.199 | 0.161 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Low birthweight birth | Health care associated with low birthweight births | ($2) | $0 | ($2) | ($1) | ($6) |
Cesarean sections | Health care associated with Cesarean sections | $87 | $4 | $87 | $44 | $222 |
Subtotals | $85 | $3 | $85 | $43 | $216 | |
From secondary participant | ||||||
Low birthweight birth | Health care associated with low birthweight births | ($19) | ($1) | ($19) | ($10) | ($49) |
Preterm birth | Infant mortality | $135 | $317 | $0 | $2,650 | $3,102 |
NICU admission | Health care associated with NICU admissions | $404 | $17 | $404 | $202 | $1,028 |
Subtotals | $520 | $333 | $385 | $2,843 | $4,081 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($652) | ($711) |
Totals | $588 | $296 | $470 | $2,233 | $3,586 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $1,967 | 2014 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($622) |
Comparison costs | $1,383 | 2014 | Cost range (+ or -) | 15 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Herman, A.A., Berendes, H.W., Yu, K.F., Cooper, L.C., Overpeck, M.D., Rhoads, G., . . . Coates, D.L. (1996). Evaluation of the effectiveness of a community-based enriched model prenatal intervention project in the District of Columbia. Health Services Research, 31(5), 609-21.
Klerman, L.V., Ramey, S.L., Goldenberg, R.L., Marbury, S., Hou, J., & Cliver, S.P. (2001). A randomized trial of augmented prenatal care for multiple-risk, Medicaid-eligible African American women. American Journal of Public Health, 91(1), 105-11.
Norbeck, J.S., DeJoseph, J.F., & Smith, R.T. (1996). A randomized trial of an empirically-derived social support intervention to prevent low birthweight among African American women. Social Science & Medicine, 43(6), 947-954.
Peoples, M.D., Grimson, R.C., & Daughtry, G.L. (1984). Evaluation of the effects of the North Carolina Improved Pregnancy Outcome Project: implications for state-level decision-making. American Journal of Public Health, 74(6), 549-54.