ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $2,096 | Benefits minus costs | ($12,962) | |||
Participants | $5,144 | Benefit to cost ratio | $0.18 | |||
Others | $3,559 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($8,018) | benefits greater than the costs | 32 % | |||
Total benefits | $2,781 | |||||
Net program cost | ($15,743) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | ($12,962) | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Crime Any criminal conviction according to court records, sometimes measured through charges, arrests, incarceration, or self-report. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 485 | -0.035 | 0.207 | 17 | -0.035 | 0.207 | 27 | -0.035 | 0.867 |
High school graduation On-time completion of high school with a diploma (excluding GED attainment). |
14 | Primary | 1 | 143 | 0.078 | 0.225 | 18 | 0.078 | 0.225 | 18 | 0.078 | 0.728 |
Teen pregnancy (under age 18)^ Becoming pregnant (or getting someone else pregnant) before age 18. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 242 | -0.314 | 0.213 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.314 | 0.141 |
Initiation of sexual activity^ Self-reported sexual intercourse. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 242 | -0.227 | 0.213 | 17 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.227 | 0.287 |
Teen births under age 18 Becoming a parent before age 18. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 242 | -0.055 | 0.213 | 18 | -0.055 | 0.213 | 18 | -0.055 | 0.797 |
Alcohol use before end of high school Any use of alcohol by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 and 18. |
14 | Primary | 1 | 485 | -0.121 | 0.204 | 17 | -0.121 | 0.204 | 18 | -0.121 | 0.552 |
Teen births (second generation) Being the child of a mother aged younger than 18 at birth. |
1 | Secondary | 1 | 242 | -0.055 | 0.213 | 18 | -0.055 | 0.213 | 18 | -0.055 | 0.797 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Crime | Criminal justice system | $253 | $0 | $633 | $127 | $1,013 |
High school graduation | Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $2,391 | $5,617 | $3,075 | $0 | $11,083 |
Costs of higher education | ($547) | ($464) | ($152) | ($273) | ($1,437) | |
Teen births under age 18 | Public assistance | $2 | ($1) | $0 | $1 | $2 |
Subtotals | $2,099 | $5,151 | $3,556 | ($146) | $10,660 | |
From secondary participant | ||||||
Teen births (second generation) | Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $3 | $7 | $4 | $0 | $15 |
K-12 grade repetition | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
Costs of higher education | ($1) | ($1) | $0 | $0 | ($2) | |
Mortality associated with smoking | ($6) | ($14) | $0 | $0 | ($20) | |
Subtotals | ($3) | ($7) | $4 | $0 | ($7) | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($7,872) | ($7,872) |
Totals | $2,096 | $5,144 | $3,559 | ($8,018) | $2,781 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $4,000 | 2002 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($15,743) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2002 | Cost range (+ or -) | 10 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Philliber, S., Kaye, J., & Herrling, S. (2001). The national evaluation of the Children's Aid Society Carrera-Model program to prevent teen pregnancy. Accord, NY: Philliber Research Associates.
Philliber, S., Kaye, J. W., Herrling, S., & West, E. (2002). Preventing pregnancy and improving health care access among teenagers: An evaluation of the Children's Aid Society-Carrera program. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 34(5), 244-251.