ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $644 | Benefits minus costs | $927 | |||
Participants | $182 | Benefit to cost ratio | $2.36 | |||
Others | $664 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | $118 | benefits greater than the costs | 79% | |||
Total benefits | $1,608 | |||||
Net program cost | ($681) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $927 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Major depressive disorder Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
72 | 5 | 1358 | -0.379 | 0.056 | 73 | -0.197 | 0.069 | 75 | -0.438 | 0.001 | |
Suicidal ideation^ Thinking about and/or planning death by suicide. |
72 | 2 | 1154 | -0.328 | 0.100 | 73 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.363 | 0.001 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Major depressive disorder | Health care associated with major depression | $644 | $182 | $664 | $322 | $1,812 |
Mortality associated with depression | $0 | $0 | $0 | $137 | $137 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($340) | ($340) |
Totals | $644 | $182 | $664 | $118 | $1,608 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $577 | 2016 | Present value of net program costs (in 2022 dollars) | ($681) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2016 | Cost range (+ or -) | 15% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Blanchard, M.R., Waterreus, A., & Mann, A.H. (1995). The effect of primary care nurse intervention upon older people screened as depressed. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(4), 289-298.
Bruce, M.L., Ten, H.T.R., Reynolds, C.F., Katz, I.I., Schulberg, H.C., Mulsant, B.H., . . . Alexopoulos, G.S. (2004). Reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in depressed older primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 291(9), 1081-1091.
Chew-Graham, C.A., Lovell, K., Roberts, C., Baldwin, R., Morley, M., Burns, A., . . . Burroughs, H. (2007). A randomized controlled trial to test the feasibility of a collaborative care model for the management of depression in older people. The British Journal of General Practice, 57(538), 364-370.
Gallo, J.J., Bogner, H.R., Morales, K.H., Post, E.P., Lin, J.Y., & Bruce, M.L. (2007). The effect of a primary care practice-based depression intervention on mortality in older adults: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(10), 689-98.
McCusker, J., Sewitch, M., Cole, M., Yaffe, M., Cappeliez, P., Dawes, M., . . . Latimer, E. (2008). Project Direct: pilot study of a collaborative intervention for depressed seniors. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 27(2), 201-218.
Unützer, J., Katon, W., Callahan, C.M., Williams, J.W., Hunkeler, E., Harpole, L., . . . Lin, E.H.B. (2002). Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: A randomized controlled trial. Journal- American Medical Association, 288, 2836-2845.
Unützer, J., Tang, L., Oishi, S., Katon, W., Williams, J. W., Hunkeler, E., . . . Langston, C. (2006). Reducing suicidal ideation in depressed older primary care patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(10), 1550-1556.