ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $229 | Benefits minus costs | ($2,675) | |||
Participants | $131 | Benefit to cost ratio | ($0.21) | |||
Others | $223 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($1,040) | benefits greater than the costs | 0% | |||
Total benefits | ($458) | |||||
Net program cost | ($2,217) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | ($2,675) | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Externalizing behavior symptoms Symptoms of externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive, hostile, or disruptive behavior) measured on a validated scale. |
11 | 1 | 439 | -0.060 | 0.067 | 11 | -0.033 | 0.043 | 14 | -0.060 | 0.370 | |
Internalizing symptoms Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale. |
11 | 1 | 439 | -0.023 | 0.067 | 11 | -0.023 | 0.067 | 13 | -0.023 | 0.730 | |
School attendance^ Number or percentage of school days present in a given enrollment period. |
11 | 1 | 439 | 0.260 | 0.067 | 11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.260 | 0.001 | |
Office discipline referrals^ Referrals of a student to an administrative office for disciplinary reasons. |
11 | 1 | 439 | -0.240 | 0.067 | 11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.240 | 0.001 | |
Substance use^ Nonspecified substance use (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, or illicit drugs) that does not rise to the level of "disordered." |
11 | 1 | 480 | -0.082 | 0.086 | 11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.082 | 0.336 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Externalizing behavior symptoms | Criminal justice system | $19 | $0 | $49 | $10 | $78 |
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $46 | $108 | $59 | ($23) | $190 | |
K-12 special education | $61 | $0 | $0 | $30 | $91 | |
Health care associated with externalizing behavior symptoms | $114 | $32 | $117 | $57 | $320 | |
Costs of higher education | ($11) | ($9) | ($3) | ($6) | ($29) | |
Internalizing symptoms | K-12 grade repetition | $1 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $1 |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($1,108) | ($1,108) |
Totals | $229 | $131 | $223 | ($1,040) | ($458) | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $2,101 | 2016 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($2,217) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2016 | Cost range (+ or -) | 30% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Herrera, C., Grossman, J.B., Kauh, T.J., & McMaken, J. (2011). Mentoring in schools: An impact study of Big Brothers Big Sisters school-based mentoring. Child Development, 82(1), 346-361.