ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $670 | Benefits minus costs | $711 | |||
Participants | $864 | Benefit to cost ratio | $1.89 | |||
Others | $371 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($398) | benefits greater than the costs | 53% | |||
Total benefits | $1,508 | |||||
Net program cost | ($797) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $711 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Major depressive disorder Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
18 | Primary | 1 | 159 | -0.072 | 0.112 | 18 | -0.037 | 0.137 | 20 | -0.200 | 0.074 |
Externalizing behavior symptoms Symptoms of externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive, hostile, or disruptive behavior) measured on a validated scale. |
18 | Primary | 1 | 159 | -0.072 | 0.112 | 18 | -0.039 | 0.069 | 21 | -0.200 | 0.074 |
Externalizing behavior symptoms Symptoms of externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive, hostile, or disruptive behavior) measured on a validated scale. |
1 | Secondary | 1 | 156 | -0.068 | 0.112 | 1 | -0.038 | 0.069 | 4 | -0.190 | 0.091 |
Cannabis use^ Adult use of cannabis that does not rise to the level of “disordered.” |
18 | Primary | 1 | 159 | -0.078 | 0.174 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.217 | 0.206 |
Illicit drug use^ Adult use of illicit drugs that does not rise to the level of “disordered.” When possible, we exclude cannabis/marijuana use from this outcome. |
18 | Primary | 1 | 159 | -0.063 | 0.166 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.174 | 0.289 |
Internalizing symptoms Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale. |
18 | Primary | 1 | 159 | -0.068 | 0.111 | 18 | -0.068 | 0.111 | 20 | -0.190 | 0.090 |
Internalizing symptoms Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale. |
1 | Secondary | 1 | 156 | -0.036 | 0.112 | 1 | -0.036 | 0.112 | 3 | -0.100 | 0.373 |
Alcohol use^ Adult use of alcohol that does not rise to the level of “problem” or “disordered.” |
18 | Primary | 1 | 159 | -0.030 | 0.165 | 18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.084 | 0.596 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Major depressive disorder | Labor market earnings associated with major depression | $292 | $687 | $0 | ($146) | $833 |
Mortality associated with depression | $0 | $1 | $0 | $7 | $8 | |
Externalizing behavior symptoms | Criminal justice system | $7 | $0 | $12 | $3 | $22 |
Health care associated with externalizing behavior symptoms | $118 | $33 | $122 | $59 | $331 | |
Subtotals | $417 | $721 | $133 | ($77) | $1,195 | |
From secondary participant | ||||||
Externalizing behavior symptoms | Criminal justice system | $21 | $0 | $45 | $11 | $77 |
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $49 | $115 | $63 | ($24) | $202 | |
K-12 special education | $63 | $0 | $0 | $31 | $94 | |
Health care associated with externalizing behavior symptoms | $129 | $36 | $133 | $65 | $363 | |
Costs of higher education | ($10) | ($9) | ($3) | ($5) | ($26) | |
Internalizing symptoms | K-12 grade repetition | $1 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $1 |
Subtotals | $253 | $143 | $238 | $77 | $711 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($398) | ($398) |
Totals | $670 | $864 | $371 | ($398) | $1,508 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $619 | 2017 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($797) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2017 | Cost range (+ or -) | 20% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Barlow, A., Mullany, B., Neault, N., Compton, S., Carter, A., Hastings, R., . . . Walkup, J.T. (2013). Effect of a paraprofessional home-visiting intervention on American Indian teen mothers’ and infants’ behavioral risks: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 83-93.