ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $1,734 | Benefits minus costs | $4,622 | |||
Participants | $971 | Benefit to cost ratio | $29.05 | |||
Others | $1,630 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | $451 | benefits greater than the costs | 91% | |||
Total benefits | $4,787 | |||||
Net program cost | ($165) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $4,622 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms Clinical diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
3 | 1 | 102 | -0.558 | 0.291 | 3 | 0.000 | 0.141 | 4 | -0.558 | 0.055 | |
Externalizing behavior symptoms Symptoms of externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive, hostile, or disruptive behavior) measured on a validated scale. |
3 | 1 | 102 | -0.558 | 0.291 | 3 | -0.307 | 0.219 | 6 | -0.558 | 0.055 | |
Internalizing symptoms Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale. |
3 | 1 | 102 | -0.558 | 0.291 | 3 | -0.558 | 0.291 | 5 | -0.558 | 0.055 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Externalizing behavior symptoms | Criminal justice system | $143 | $0 | $316 | $71 | $530 |
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $333 | $783 | $427 | ($167) | $1,377 | |
K-12 special education | $443 | $0 | $0 | $221 | $664 | |
Health care associated with externalizing behavior symptoms | $879 | $248 | $907 | $439 | $2,474 | |
Costs of higher education | ($71) | ($60) | ($20) | ($35) | ($186) | |
Internalizing symptoms | K-12 grade repetition | $8 | $0 | $0 | $4 | $12 |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($82) | ($82) |
Totals | $1,734 | $971 | $1,630 | $451 | $4,787 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $159 | 2017 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($165) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2017 | Cost range (+ or -) | 30% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Tucker, C., Schieffer, K., Wills, T.J., Hull, C., & Murphy, Q. (2017). Enhancing social-emotional skills in at-risk preschool students through Theraplay based groups: The Sunshine Circle Model. International Journal of Play Therapy, 26(4), 185.