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Vocational and employment training for youth in state institutions

Juvenile Justice
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated July 2019.
Vocational and employment training for youth in state institutions includes intensive vocational programs that also provide specialized education. These programs aim to support positive outcomes to reduce recidivism, support life and community skills, encourage education attainment, and teach employable skills. Vocational skills training uses classroom-based job training to teach youth employable skills. As part of some training curriculums, youth can receive certification in a variety of specialties (e.g., carpentry, landscaping, culinary arts). Upon release into the community, youth may receive additional services, including employment search assistance, job contacts, housing support, transportation support, mental health/substance use disorder services and educational placements.

This analysis focuses on programs that provide services to youth while confined and then released to supervision. In the included study, participants received services while confined for approximately nine months and continued services in the community for another eleven months. Youth were moderate risk per a validated risk assessment tool. In the included study, 56% of participants were youth of color, and all youth were male. Youth in the comparison group were confined in other residential facilities and received treatment as usual.

Evaluations of Education and Employment Training (EET), mentoring programs, and vocational and employment training programs for court-involved youth are excluded from this analysis and analyzed separately.

Key Terms

Court-involved youth: Youth who are processed through the juvenile justice system but who are not ordered to a period of confinement in a residential or correctional facility. This includes populations of arrested youth, diverted youth, charged youth, adjudicated youth, and youth on probation or formal supervision.

Youth in state institutions: Youth who are confined in a residential or correctional facility when they participate in the program.

Youth post-release: Youth who are returning to the community following a period of confinement in a residential or correctional facility and who participate in the program after release to the community.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers ($289) Benefits minus costs ($3,056)
Participants $843 Benefit to cost ratio ($2.14)
Others ($1,829) Chance the program will produce
Indirect ($809) benefits greater than the costs 44%
Total benefits ($2,084)
Net program cost ($972)
Benefits minus cost ($3,056)

^WSIPP’s benefit-cost model does not monetize this outcome.

^^WSIPP does not include this outcome when conducting benefit-cost analysis for this program.

*The effect size for this outcome indicates percentage change, not a standardized mean difference effect size.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Crime
Involvement in the criminal justice system (e.g., arrests, charges, convictions, incarceration) measured through administrative records (e.g. court records, arrests) or self-report.
 18 1 369 0.018 0.113 19 0.018 0.113 27 0.018 0.870
GED attainment^
Successful attainment of a General Educational Development (GED) credential.
 18 1 369 0.067 0.100 19 n/a n/a n/a 0.067 0.500
High school graduation
On-time completion of high school with a diploma (excluding GED attainment).
 18 1 369 0.180 0.100 18 0.180 0.100 18 0.180 0.072
Employment^^
Any employment, including part-time work.
18 1 369 0.170 0.120 20 n/a n/a n/a 0.170 0.156
Earnings*
Percent change in labor market earnings, typically weekly or monthly wages.
18 1 369 0.110 0.109 20 0.000 0.000 21 0.110 0.313
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Crime Criminal justice system ($647) $0 ($1,829) ($323) ($2,799)
Earnings Labor market earnings $358 $843 $0 $0 $1,201
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($486) ($486)
Totals ($289) $843 ($1,829) ($809) ($2,084)
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Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $24,765 2003 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($972)
Comparison costs $24,136 2003 Cost range (+ or -) 20%
We use the per-participant cost of the Avon Park Youth Academy as reported in the study in this analysis: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2009). In search of evidence-based practice in juvenile corrections: An evaluation of Florida's Avon Park Youth Academy and STREET Smart Program. Madison, WI: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. For the comparison group youth, we use the per-participant cost of the comparison group conditions as reported in National Council on Crime and Delinquency (2009), weighted by the participation by the comparison group in each condition.
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

National Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2009). In search of evidence-based practice in juvenile corrections: An evaluation of Florida's Avon Park Youth Academy and STREET Smart Program. Madison, WI: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.