...audit and feedback is a physician-centered approach to reducing cesarean section rates by reviewing cesarean sections for their appropriateness according to pre-established guidelines. these interventions vary in the frequency with which the audits are performed and the feedback provided. there is also variation in whether information is provided anonymously or if physicians or departments are associated with their cesarean section rates. the benefits presented in the benefit-cost analysis are specific to the medicaid population. ...

...audit and feedback is a physician-centered approach to reducing cesarean section rates by reviewing cesarean sections for their appropriateness according to pre-established guidelines. these interventions vary in the frequency with which the audits are performed and the feedback provided. there is also variation in whether information is provided anonymously or if physicians or departments are associated with their cesarean section rates. the benefits presented in the benefit-cost analysis are specific to the privately insured population. ...

...community reinforcement and family training (craft) is a program for significant others and family members of those with substance abuse or dependence. in 12 to 14 ndividual sessions, family and friends are taught effective strategies for helping their loved one to change, to enroll in treatment, to feel better themselves....

...these studies assess the individual placement and support (ips) model of supported employment compared with typical vocational services for individuals with serious mental illness. the ips model focuses on competitive employment, client interests, rapid job placement, and ongoing support by employment specialists. in contrast, the comparison groups typically received vocational services that focused on building job skills before employment placement....

...resources, education, and care in the home (reach-futures) is a home visiting program designed to reduce infant mortality and morbidity among low-income families. home visits are made by a nurse and community worker during the first year after the birth of a child. community workers conduct the first home visits two weeks after the child’s birth and make regular contact with the families thereafter through home visits or by phone. the nurse accompanies the community worker on home visits at 1, 6, and 12 months to conduct infant health care and developmental screenings. in the included study, participating families typically received five home visits and seven phone contacts during the 12-month intervention....

...text message reminders target college-intending high school students and graduates. students receive automated text message reminders on financial aid and college enrollment tasks as well as prompts to reach out for help from designated organizations and counselors if needed. the duration of programs varied between six weeks and six months prior to a student’s expected fall term in college....

...linked learning communities co-enroll undergraduate students in two or more courses with the aim to improve academic achievement through increased social and curricular integration. learning community instructors, sometimes with assistance from a coordinator, integrate curricula by creating lesson plans and shared assignments that facilitate collaboration among students and connections between courses. in this meta-analysis, students were in their first year at a community college and required developmental education. student cohorts were co-enrolled in a developmental english, math, or reading course linked with at least one other course, typically a college-level course (e.g. english composition or american history). in all programs, students were enrolled in a learning community for one semester. while a model of linking developmental education with college level courses exists in all studies examined, there was some variation. some linked a developmental education course with one or more courses, while others provided additional supports like tutoring and vouchers for textbooks. there was also varying levels of collaboration and curricular integration between instructors, coordinators, and school faculty across studies. students were enrolled in a learning community for one semester....

...need-based grants provide means-tested financial assistance to low-income students. need-based grants can come from many sources and in various forms. in this meta-analysis, we focus on need-based federal and state grants with minimal eligibility requirements. example programs in this review include the federal pell grant program and state grant programs similar to washington’s state need grant. grants funded by private entities may also be included if their implementation is similar to that of federal and state need-based grants. we exclude institutional need-based aid, as well as other grant programs that have conditions for aid receipt other than income (such as work study programs or merit-based aid). the studies in this meta-analysis evaluate the effects of need-based grants for students who are still attending high school or have recently graduated high school and have not yet enrolled in college....

...multisystemic therapy-family integrated transitions (mst-fit) is a manualized adaptation of multisystemic therapy (mst) designed for youth with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders who are returning to the community after confinement. mst-fit aims for behavioral change in the youth’s home environment, emphasizing the strengths of family, peers, school, and neighborhoods to promote change. youth receive intensive family and community-based treatment targeting serious antisocial behavior. mst-fit incorporates the therapeutic principles from mst, dialectical behavior therapy, and motivational enhancement therapy for youth and includes parent skills training for a youth’s parent or guardian. the first phase of the program lasts two to three months while youth reside in a juvenile rehabilitation facility. the second phase occurs in the community for four to six months. the study included in this analysis took place in washington state. in this study, 29% of youth were people of color and 15% were female. both the program and comparison group youth had access to usual services. we exclude evaluations of multisystemic therapy-substance abuse, multisystemic therapy-problem sexual behavior, and multisystemic therapy for court-involved youth from this analysis and analyze them separately....